Variable Scope

Variables in the C programming language, which Arduino uses, have a property called scope. This is in contrast to languages such as BASIC where every variable is a global variable.

A global variable is one that can be seen by every function in a program. Local variables are only visible to the function in which they are declared. In the Arduino environment, any variable declared outside of a function (e.g. setup(), loop(), etc. ), is a global variable.

When programs start to get larger and more complex, local variables are a useful way to insure that only one function has access to its own variables. This prevents programming errors when one function inadvertently modifies variables used by another function.

It is also sometimes handy to declare and initialize a variable inside a for loop. This creates a variable that can only be accessed from inside the for-loop brackets.

int gPWMval;  // any function will see this variable
 
void setup()
{
  // ...
}
 
void loop()
{
  int i;    // "i" is only "visible" inside of "loop"
  float f;  // "f" is only "visible" inside of "loop"
  // ...
 
  for (int j = 0; j <100; j++){
  // variable j can only be accessed inside the for-loop brackets
  }
 
}

Source: arduino.cc