https://code-reference.com/ 2026-05-18T23:23:19+02:00 https://code-reference.com/ https://code-reference.com/ttps://code-reference.com/lib/tpl/dokuwiki/images/favicon.ico text/html 2024-02-16T00:48:23+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/stdio.h?rev=1708040903&do=diff Function Description BUFSIZ (integer value) size of the buffer clearerr Clears end-of-file and error indicators for a stream fclose Close the current stream / file feof Checks for the end-of-file ferror Checks for a stream error fflush Synchronises an output stream with the actual file fgetc Reads a byte/char from a file stream fgetpos Gets the stream position indicator fgets Reads … text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:25+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/conversion/bytecast?rev=1708041865&do=diff Description Converts a value to the byte data type. Syntax byte(x) Parameters x: a value of any type Returns byte See also * byte Source: arduino.cc text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:11+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/data_types/char?rev=1708041851&do=diff Description A data type that takes up 1 byte of memory that stores a character value. Character literals are written in single quotes, like this: [= 'A' =] (for multiple characters - strings - use double quotes: “ABC”). Characters are stored as numbers however. You can see the specific encoding in the ASCII chart. This means that it is possible to do arithmetic on characters, in which the ASCII value of the character is used (e.g. [= 'A' + 1 =] has the value 66, since the ASCII value of th… text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:12+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/data_types/byte?rev=1708041852&do=diff Description A byte stores an 8-bit unsigned number, from 0 to 255. Example [=byte b = B10010; // "B" is the binary formatter (B10010 = 18 decimal) =] See also * word * byte * Variable Declaration Source: arduino.cc text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:16+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/constants/progmem?rev=1708041856&do=diff Store data in flash (program) memory instead of SRAM. There's a description of the various types of memory available on an Arduino board. The PROGMEM keyword is a variable modifier, it should be used only with the datatypes defined in pgmspace.h. It tells the compiler “put this information into flash memory”, instead of into SRAM, where it would normally go. text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:10+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/data_types/unsignedchar?rev=1708041850&do=diff Description An unsigned data type that occupies 1 byte of memory. Same as the byte datatype. The unsigned char datatype encodes numbers from 0 to 255. For consistency of Arduino programming style, the byte data type is to be preferred. Example [=unsigned char myChar = 240;=] See also *byte *int *Arrays *Serial.println text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:30+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/advanced_io/shiftin?rev=1708041870&do=diff Description Shifts in a byte of data one bit at a time. Starts from either the most (i.e. the leftmost) or least (rightmost) significant bit. For each bit, the clock pin is pulled high, the next bit is read from the data line, and then the clock pin is taken low. text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:10+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/data_types/unsignedint?rev=1708041850&do=diff Description On the Uno and other ATMEGA based boards, unsigned ints (unsigned integers) are the same as ints in that they store a 2 byte value. Instead of storing negative numbers however they only store positive values, yielding a useful range of 0 to 65,535 (2^16) - 1). text/html 2024-02-16T00:48:17+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/data_types?rev=1708040897&do=diff data types Overview Name Description array array booleanvariables booleanvariables byte byte char char double double float float int int long long short short string string stringobject stringobject unsignedchar unsignedchar unsignedint unsignedint unsignedlong unsignedlong void void word word automatically generated overview ... Change this page if you have a better description text/html 2013-02-15T18:59:21+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/advanced_io/shiftout?rev=1360951161&do=diff Description Shifts out a byte of data one bit at a time. Starts from either the most (i.e. the leftmost) or least (rightmost) significant bit. Each bit is written in turn to a data pin, after which a clock pin is pulsed (taken high, then low) to indicate that the bit is available. text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:07+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/control_structures/goto?rev=1708041847&do=diff Transfers program flow to a labeled point in the program Syntax label: goto label; sends program flow to the label ====Tip ==== The use of goto is discouraged in C programming, and some authors of C programming books claim that the goto statement is never necessary, but used judiciously, it can simplify certain programs. The reason that many programmers frown upon the use of goto is that with the unrestrained use of goto statements, it is easy to create a program with undefined program… text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:12+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/data_types/int?rev=1708041852&do=diff Description Integers are your primary data-type for number storage. On the Arduino Uno (and other ATMega based boards) an int stores a 16-bit (2-byte) value. This yields a range of -32,768 to 32,767 (minimum value of -2^15 and a maximum value of (2^15) - 1). text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:16+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/constants/integerconstants?rev=1708041856&do=diff Integer constants are numbers used directly in a sketch, like 123. By default, these numbers are treated as int's but you can change this with the U and L modifiers (see below). Normally, integer constants are treated as base 10 (decimal) integers, but special notation (formatters) may be used to enter numbers in other bases. text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:09+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/bits_and_bytes/highbyte?rev=1708041849&do=diff Description Extracts the high-order (leftmost) byte of a word (or the second lowest byte of a larger data type). Syntax highByte(x) Parameters x: a value of any type Returns byte See also * lowByte() * word Source: arduino.cc text/html 2024-02-16T01:05:28+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/wchar.h/btowc?rev=1708041928&do=diff btowc #include <wchar.h> wint_t btowc(int); Description convert a byte to wide character btowc returns the wide two byte character “wchar_t” converted from the single byte “string” character (char). return value If the argument is not a valid multibyte sequence of length 1 btowc returns WEOF. output is affected by the current LC_TYPE locale. text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:11+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/data_types/short?rev=1708041851&do=diff Description A short is a 16-bit data-type. On all Arduinos (ATMega and ARM based) a short stores a 16-bit (2-byte) value. This yields a range of -32,768 to 32,767 (minimum value of -2^15 and a maximum value of (2^15) - 1). Example [=short ledPin = 13;=] Syntax [=short var = val;=] *var - your short variable name *val - the value you assign to that variable text/html 2013-02-17T03:59:12+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/stdio.h/fgetpos?rev=1361069952&do=diff int fgetpos(FILE *stream, fpos_t *pos); Stores current file position for stream stream in *pos. Returns non-zero on error. Description The fgetpos() function stores the file position indicator of the given file stream in the given position variable. The position variable is of type fpos_t (which is defined in stdio.h) and is an object that can hold every possible position in a FILE. fgetpos() returns zero upon success, and a non-zero value upon failure. text/html 2013-02-09T01:21:53+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/conio.h/gettext?rev=1360369313&do=diff int gettext(int left, int top, int right, int bottom, void *dst) description of gettext copy text from a text mode window in memory. stores the text content of the rectangular area of ​​the screen, which is defined by left, top, right and bottom, and also stores it in the storage area pointed to by dst. all coordinates are absolute screen coordinates, not window-based. The top left corner has coordinates (1,1). sequentially reads the contents of the rectangle from the left to right and from … text/html 2024-02-16T01:05:44+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/stdio.h/fsetpos?rev=1708041944&do=diff int fsetpos(FILE *stream, const fpos_t *pos); reset the position indicator to using fsetpos() stores the current file position indicator to the location indicated by the information in pos Returns non-zero on error. C Sourcecode Example #include <stdio.h> /* including standard library */ //#include <windows.h> /* uncomment this for Windows */ int main( void ) { FILE *stream; fpos_t file_pos; int c; int i; if((stream=fopen("test.txt","r"))==NULL) { printf("Ca… text/html 2024-02-16T01:05:14+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/datatypes/long?rev=1708041914&do=diff long #include <stdio.h> /* including standard library */ //#include <windows.h> /* uncomment this for Windows */ long 4 Byte signed: -2147483648 - 2147483647 unsigned: 0 - 4294967295 8 Byte signed: -9223372036854775808 - 9223372036854775807 unsigned: 0 - 18446744073709551615 C Sourcecode Example #include <stdio.h> /* including standard library */ //#include <windows.h> /* uncomment this for Windows */ int main(void){ printf("long: %ld bytes\n", sizeof(long) ); } retu… text/html 2013-02-15T20:47:55+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/variable_scope_and_qualifiers/variabledeclaration?rev=1360957675&do=diff A variable is a way of naming and storing a value for later use by the program, such as data from a sensor or an intermediate value used in a calculation. Declaring Variables Before they are used, all variables have to be declared. Declaring a variable means defining its type, and optionally, setting an initial value (initializing the variable). Variables do not have to be initialized (assigned a value) when they are declared, but it is often useful. text/html 2024-02-16T01:03:57+02:00 https://code-reference.com/assembly/8086_88/command_overview?rev=1708041837&do=diff Assembly Language 8086/88 Overview CommandDescriptionExampleAAAASCII adjust after additionno example yetAADASCII adjust before divideno example yetAAMASCII adjust alter multiplyno example yetAASASCII adjust after subtractno example yetADCAdd with carryno example yetADDAddno example yetANDAndno example yetCALLCallno example yetCBWConvert byte to wordno example yetCLCClear carry flagno example yetCLDClear direction flagno example yetCLIClear interrupt flagno example yetCMCComplement carry flagno … text/html 2024-02-16T01:05:54+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/graphics.h/setfillpattern?rev=1708041954&do=diff setfillpattern Syntax of setfillpattern #include <graphics.h> void setfillpattern(char *upattern, int color); Description of setfillpattern setfillpattern is like setfillstyle, except that you use it to set a user-defined 8x8 pattern rather than a predefined pattern. upattern is a pointer to a sequence of 8 bytes, with each byte corresponding to 8 pixels in the pattern. Whenever a bit in a pattern byte is set to 1, the corresponding pixel is plotted. text/html 2018-01-12T07:29:06+02:00 https://code-reference.com/java/datatypes?rev=1515738546&do=diff package datatypes; public class DataTypes { public static void main(String[] args) { // primitiv Datatypes boolean aa = true; // 1 bit char bb = 'A'; // 2 Bytes char cc = 65; // 2 Bytes byte dd = 12; // 1 Byte -128 - +127 short ee = 234; // 2 Bytes -32768 - +32767 int ff = 4711; // 4 Bytes long gg = 34567; // 8 Bytes float hh = 3.14f; // 4 Bytes d… text/html 2024-02-16T01:05:47+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/graphics.h/setrgbpalette?rev=1708041947&do=diff setrgbpalette Syntax of setrgbpalette #include <graphics.h> void setrgbpalette(int colornum, int red, int green, int blue); Description of setrgbpalette setrgbpalette can be used with the IBM 8514 and VGA drivers. colornum defines the palette entry to be loaded, while red, green, and blue define the component colors of the palette entry. For the IBM 8514 display (and the VGA in 256K color mode), colornum is in the range 0 to 255. For the remaining modes of the VGA, colornum is in the ra… text/html 2013-09-04T17:20:16+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/string.h/strncat?rev=1378308016&do=diff #include <stdlib.h> char *strncat(char *dest, const char *src, size_t n); appends the src string to the dest string, overwriting the null byte ('\0') at the end of dest, and then adds a terminating null byte. The strings may not overlap, and the dest string must have enough space for the result. text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:10+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/bits_and_bytes/lowbyte?rev=1708041850&do=diff Description Extracts the low-order (rightmost) byte of a variable (e.g. a word). Syntax lowByte(x) Parameters x: a value of any type Returns byte See also * highByte() * word Source: arduino.cc text/html 2013-09-09T09:07:22+02:00 https://code-reference.com/java/io/printstream/write?rev=1378710442&do=diff Writes count or one byte to target stream/buffer. write(int oneByte); write(byte[] buffer, int offset, int length); Language Example try( //Try-with-resource-block FileWriter stream = new FileWriter("output.txt"); // create file BufferedWriter output = new BufferedWriter(stream); ) { output.write("Hello Harddisk"); // Write to Stream //This is an auto-closable block so no need of "output.close();" } … text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:25+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/conversion/wordcast?rev=1708041865&do=diff Description Convert a value to the word data type or create a word from two bytes. Syntax word(x) word(h, l) Parameters x: a value of any type h: the high-order (leftmost) byte of the word l: the low-order (rightmost) byte of the word Returns word text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:15+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/bitwise_operators/bitshift?rev=1708041855&do=diff Description From The Bitmath Tutorial in The Playground There are two bit shift operators in C++: the left shift operator << and the right shift operator >>. These operators cause the bits in the left operand to be shifted left or right by the number of positions specified by the right operand.\ More on bitwise math may be found here. text/html 2024-02-16T01:05:12+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/datatypes/double?rev=1708041912&do=diff double double 8 Byte 2.3E-308 - 1.7E+308 precision 15 You can use to find it out ;) C Sourcecode Example #include <stdio.h> /* including standard library */ //#include <windows.h> /* uncomment this for Windows */ int main(void) { printf("double: %d bytes\n", sizeof(double) ); return 0; } text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:50+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/stdlib.h/realloc?rev=1708041890&do=diff realloc #include <stdlib.h> void *realloc(void *ptr, size_t size); description The realloc() function shall change the size of the memory object pointed to by ptr to the size specified by size. The contents of the object shall remain unchanged up to the lesser of the new and old sizes. If the new size of the memory object would require movement of the object, the space for the previous instantiation of the object is freed. If the new size is larger, the contents of the newly a… text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:52+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/stdlib.h/malloc?rev=1708041892&do=diff #include <stdlib.h> void *malloc(size_t size); description The malloc() function shall allocate unused space for an object whose size in bytes is specified by size and whose value is unspecified. The order and contiguity of storage allocated by successive calls to malloc() is unspecified. The pointer returned if the allocation succeeds shall be suitably aligned so that it may be assigned to a pointer to any type of object and then used to access such an object in the space allocated… text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:15+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/bitwise_operators/bitwisecompoundand?rev=1708041855&do=diff Description The compound bitwise AND operator (&=) is often used with a variable and a constant to force particular bits in a variable to the LOW state (to 0). This is often referred to in programming guides as “clearing” or “resetting” bits. text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:49+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/stdlib.h/calloc?rev=1708041889&do=diff #include <stdlib.h> void *calloc(size_t nitems, size_t size); description The calloc() function shall allocate unused space for an array of nelem elements each of whose size in bytes is elsize. The space shall be initialized to all bits 0. The order and contiguity of storage allocated by successive calls to calloc() is unspecified. The pointer returned if the allocation succeeds shall be suitably aligned so that it may be assigned to a pointer to any type of object and then used… text/html 2024-02-16T01:05:27+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/wchar.h/fwide?rev=1708041927&do=diff fwide #include <wchar.h> int fwide(FILE *stream, int mode); fwide shall determine the orientation of the stream pointed to by stream. return value greater than 0 if, after the call, the stream has wide-orientation less than 0 if the stream has byte-orientation 0 if the stream has no orientation. text/html 2014-06-04T18:45:53+02:00 https://code-reference.com/cpp/variables?rev=1401900353&do=diff Variables Variables are the means of storing data in a program. Say you want to make a calculator, you need to use variables. Say you want to make a program that takes in a word and then modifies it, you need to use variables. Variables can be created and “destroyed”(deconstructing comes later on so don't get your hopes up). The value or information that they store can be changed and in some cases, that you make it so, cannot be. Except for the syntax of the language, you are in control! text/html 2024-02-16T01:05:53+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/graphics.h/setwritemode?rev=1708041953&do=diff setwritemode Syntax of setwritemode #include <graphics.h> void setwritemode(int mode); Description of setwritemode The following constants are defined: COPY_PUT = 0/* MOV */ XOR_PUT = 1/* XOR */ Each constant corresponds to a binary operation between each byte in the line and the corresponding bytes onscreen. COPY_PUT uses the assembly language MOV instruction, overwriting with the line whatever is on the screen. XOR_PUT uses the XOR command to combine the line with the screen. Two suc… text/html 2024-02-16T01:05:14+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/datatypes/long_double?rev=1708041914&do=diff long double long double 10 Byte 3.4E-4932 - 1.1E+4932 precision: 19 C Sourcecode Example #include <stdio.h> /* including standard library */ //#include <windows.h> /* uncomment this for Windows */ int main(void){ printf("long double: %d bytes\n", sizeof(long double) ); } return 0; text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:11+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/data_types/double?rev=1708041851&do=diff Desciption Double precision floating point number. On the Uno and other ATMEGA based boards, this occupies 4 bytes. That is, the double implementation is exactly the same as the float, with no gain in precision. On the Arduino Due, doubles have 8-byte (64 bit) precision. text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:11+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/data_types/unsignedlong?rev=1708041851&do=diff Description Unsigned long variables are extended size variables for number storage, and store 32 bits (4 bytes). Unlike standard longs unsigned longs won't store negative numbers, making their range from 0 to 4,294,967,295 (2^32 - 1). Example unsigned long time; void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); } void loop() { Serial.print("Time: "); time = millis(); //prints time since program started Serial.println(time); // wait a second so as not to send massive amounts of data delay(10… text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:11+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/data_types/long?rev=1708041851&do=diff !long Description Long variables are extended size variables for number storage, and store 32 bits (4 bytes), from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647. Example long speedOfLight = 186000L; // see Integer Constants for explanation of the 'L' Syntax [=long var = val;=] *var - the long variable name *val - the value assigned to the variable text/html 2013-02-17T03:15:08+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/string.h/strcat?rev=1361067308&do=diff #include <stdlib.h> char *strcat(char *str1, const char *str2); description of strcat The strcat function concatenates two strings. str1 = target string to be added to source str2 = source string to copied, including '\ 0' at the end of destination. null byte of destination will be overwritten. text/html 2024-02-16T01:05:08+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/datatypes/float?rev=1708041908&do=diff float float 4 Byte 1.2E-38 - 3.4E+38 precision 6 C Sourcecode Example #include <stdio.h> /* including standard library */ //#include <windows.h> /* uncomment this for Windows */ int main(void) { printf("float: %d bytes\n", sizeof(float) ); return 0; } text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:36+02:00 https://code-reference.com/cpp/datatypes/double?rev=1708041876&do=diff double double 8 Byte 2.3E-308 - 1.7E+308 precision 15 Cpp Sourcecode Example #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { cout << "Size of double: " << sizeof(double) << " bytes" << endl; return 0; } text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:11+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/data_types/booleanvariables?rev=1708041851&do=diff A boolean holds one of two values, true or false. (Each boolean variable occupies one byte of memory.) Example int LEDpin = 5; // LED on pin 5 int switchPin = 13; // momentary switch on 13, other side connected to ground boolean running = false; void setup() { pinMode(LEDpin, OUTPUT); pinMode(switchPin, INPUT); digitalWrite(switchPin, HIGH); // turn on pullup resistor } void loop() { if (digitalRead(switchPin) == LOW) { // switch is pressed - pullup keeps pin high … text/html 2024-02-16T01:05:10+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/datatypes/short?rev=1708041910&do=diff short short 2 Byte signed: -32768 - 32767 unsigned: 0 - 65535 C Sourcecode Example #include <stdio.h> /* including standard library */ //#include <windows.h> /* uncomment this for Windows */ int main(void) { printf("short: %d bytes\n", sizeof(short) ); return 0; } text/html 2024-02-16T01:06:15+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/string.h/memset?rev=1708041975&do=diff memset #include <stdlib.h> void *memset(void *str, int c, size_t n); memset Fill / overwrite memory region with certain characters str = Target memory block /c string c = value byte that is used to overwrite n = number of chars to be copied text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:16+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/bitwise_operators/bitwisecompoundor?rev=1708041856&do=diff Description The compound bitwise OR operator (|=) is often used with a variable and a constant to “set” (set to 1) particular bits in a variable. Syntax: x |= y; // equivalent to x = x | y; Parameters x: a char, int or long variable y: an integer constant or char, int, or long text/html 2013-02-16T13:54:31+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/data_types/word?rev=1361019271&do=diff Description A word stores a 16-bit unsigned number, from 0 to 65535. Same as an unsigned int. Example [=word w = 10000; =] See also * byte * WordCast Source: arduino.cc text/html 2024-02-16T01:05:58+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/graphics.h/getimage?rev=1708041958&do=diff getimage Syntax of getimage #include <graphics.h> void getimage(int left, int top, int right, int bottom, void *bitmap); Description of getimage getimage copies an image from the screen to memory. left, top, right, and bottom define the screen area to which the rectangle is copied. bitmap points to the area in memory where the bit image is stored. The first two words of this area are used for the width and height of the rectangle; the remainder holds the image itself. text/html 2024-02-16T01:05:12+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/datatypes/bool?rev=1708041912&do=diff Typ: _Bool 1 Byte 0 and 1 ( the underscore '_' and Shift B is nessesary ) C Sourcecode Example #include <stdio.h> /* including standard library */ //#include <windows.h> /* uncomment this for Windows */ int main(void) { printf("_Bool: %d bytes\n", sizeof(_Bool) ); return 0; } text/html 2013-03-07T04:04:54+02:00 https://code-reference.com/java/io/printstream?rev=1362625494&do=diff Printstream Name Description append Appends the specified character to this output stream checkerror Flush the stream and check if it contains errors close Closes the stream flush Flushes the stream format Writes a formatted string to the output stream print Prints various data types to an output stream println Prints various data types to an output stream then terminates the line write Writes the specified byte to this output stream text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:24+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/utilities/sizeof?rev=1708041864&do=diff Description The sizeof operator returns the number of bytes in a variable type, or the number of bytes occupied by an array. Syntax sizeof(variable) Parameters variable: any variable type or array (e.g. int, float, byte) Example code The sizeof operator is useful for dealing with arrays (such as strings) where it is convenient to be able to change the size of the array without breaking other parts of the program.