https://code-reference.com/ 2026-04-25T13:11:02+02:00 https://code-reference.com/ https://code-reference.com/ttps://code-reference.com/lib/tpl/dokuwiki/images/favicon.ico text/html 2024-02-16T01:05:57+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/graphics.h/getch?rev=1708041957&do=diff getch Syntax of getch #include "graphics.h" int getch(void); Description of getch The getch function is available in the winbgim implementation of BGI graphics. You do not need to include conio.h; just include graphics.h. The function reads one character from the keyboard and returns its ASCII value (without waiting for a return key). In order to work, the user must click in the graphics window (i.e., the Windows focus must be in the graphics window). For special keys, the getch functio… text/html 2013-04-10T15:58:12+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/control_structures/switch?rev=1365602292&do=diff description The switch statement is a multi-select control structure. An expression is evaluated once and compared to 'constants'. In case of equality, the 'statements' that come after the 'constant' are processed. In switch 'statements' can only ordinary data types (ie, 'int', 'long', char, short, etc.) can be used. text/html 2013-04-10T15:55:29+02:00 https://code-reference.com/java/control_structures/switch?rev=1365602129&do=diff The switch statement is a multi-select control structure. An expression is evaluated once and compared to 'constants'. In case of equality, the 'statements' that come after the 'constant' are processed. In switch 'statements' can only ordinary data types (ie, 'int', 'long', char, short, etc.) can be used. text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:08+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/control_structures/switchcase?rev=1708041848&do=diff Like if statements, switch...case controls the flow of programs by allowing programmers to specify different code that should be executed in various conditions. In particular, a switch statement compares the value of a variable to the values specified in case statements. When a case statement is found whose value matches that of the variable, the code in that case statement is run. text/html 2024-02-16T00:48:15+02:00 https://code-reference.com/bash/case?rev=1708040895&do=diff case The case and select constructs are technically not loops, since they do not iterate the execution of a code block. Like loops, however, they direct program flow according to conditions at the top or bottom of the block. Controlling program flow in a code block case (in) / esac The case construct is the shell scripting analog to switch in C/C++. It permits branching to one of a number of code blocks, depending on condition tests. It serves as a kind of shorthand for multiple if/then/e… text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:32+02:00 https://code-reference.com/cpp/control_structures/switch?rev=1708041872&do=diff Switch ---------- Switch is a loop that is used in c++ to find the many scenarios of an event or object. For example, let's test to see the many scenarios of if someone chooses an item from a menu. #include <iostream> int main() { int choice; cout << "Choose an option:" << endl; cout << "1. OJ" << endl; cout << "2. Milk"<<endl; cout << "3. Water " << endl; cout << "4. Soda" << endl; cout << "5. Gatorade" << endl; cin >> choice; // notice the {}, these are… text/html 2013-01-17T23:50:06+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/control_structures?rev=1358463006&do=diff control structures Overview Name Description break break case case continue continue default default do do else else for for goto goto if if return return switch switch while while automatically generated overview ... Change this page if you have a better description text/html 2018-08-02T23:45:28+02:00 https://code-reference.com/bash?rev=1533246328&do=diff path description examples bash examples case bash case quick_reference bash quick reference shortcuts bash shortcuts Overview: bash "How To" snippets “how to” snippets (string substitution, tests, dynamic variables, ...) text/html 2024-02-16T01:05:44+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/stdio.h/setvbuf?rev=1708041944&do=diff int setvbuf(FILE *stream, char *buffer, int mode, size_t size); Controls buffering for stream stream. mode is _IOFBF for full buffering, _IOLBF for line buffering, _IONBF for no buffering. Non-null buf specifies buffer of size size to be used; otherwise, a buffer is allocated. Returns non-zero on error. Call must be before any other operation on stream. text/html 2013-01-22T02:30:47+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/keywords?rev=1358818247&do=diff C89 Keywords * auto * break * case * char * const * continue * default * do * double * else * enum * extern * float * for * goto * if * int * long * register * return * short * signed * sizeof * static * struct * switch * typedef * union * unsigned * void * volatile * while text/html 2018-08-03T18:52:05+02:00 https://code-reference.com/bash/how_to/string_substitutions?rev=1533315125&do=diff bash: "How To" ... utilize string substitutions string parameter substitution operationwhatcodeexample using: export TST='abcabcaa'result from (abcabcaa)removefirst occurrence of substring 'xyz' in stringSTR=${STR/'xyz'}echo ${TST/'bc'}aabcaa (abcabcaa)substring 'xyz' everywhere in stringSTR=${STR//'xyz'}echo ${TST//'bc'}aaaa (abcabcaa)substring 'xyz' at very beginning of string (prefix)STR=${STR#'xyz'}echo ${TST#'abca'}bcaa (abcabcaa)substring 'xyz' at very end of string (suffix)STR=${STR… text/html 2013-02-25T15:56:52+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/stdio.h/snprintf?rev=1361804212&do=diff #include <stdio.h> /* including standard library */ //#include <windows.h> /* uncomment this for Windows */ int snprintf(char *restrict s, size_t n, const char *restrict format, ...); description of snprintf The function snprintf() format the format specified by arguments of the printf format specification and writes the result to the specified string by dest. size specifies the maximum length of the string at least. The string in least receive in any case a terminating NULL character. In no… text/html 2024-02-16T01:06:01+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/keywords/break?rev=1708041961&do=diff The break keyword causes loops to end and is used in switch statements to end a case. Syntax break; text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:08+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/control_structures/else?rev=1708041848&do=diff if/else allows greater control over the flow of code than the basic if statement, by allowing multiple tests to be grouped together. For example, an analog input could be tested and one action taken if the input was less than 500, and another action taken if the input was 500 or greater. The code would look like this: text/html 2024-02-16T01:05:24+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/ctype.h/toupper?rev=1708041924&do=diff toupper #include <ctype.h> int toupper( int char ); Returns upper case type of the character C Sourcecode Example #include <stdio.h> /* including standard library */ //#include <windows.h> /* uncomment this for Windows */ #include <ctype.h> int main ( void ) { char string[30]; /* write the Chars "i" and "t" uppercase in the buffer "string" */ sprintf(string,"%c whant %chis in uppercase",toupper('i'), toupper('t')); printf("%s\n",string); return 0; } text/html 2024-02-16T00:48:23+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/arithmetic_operators?rev=1708040903&do=diff * (multiplicator) / (dividing) % (modulo) ... e.g. rest of a number + - ++ -- example #include <stdio.h> int main (void) { int x,y; x=2; x = x+1; // = 3 x = x++; // = 3 x = ++x; // = 3 x = +=x; // = 4 // and so on /* for the wired case of x = x+++x; or x=x---x; that means x = x++ +x; and x = x-- -x; also possible is x = x- --x; */ } text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:34+02:00 https://code-reference.com/cpp/cctype/tolower?rev=1708041874&do=diff #include <cctype> int tolower( int char ); Returns lower case type of the character cpp Sourcecode Example #include <iostream> /* including standard library */ #include <cctype> using namespace std; int main ( void ) { /* convert the Chars "I" and "T" to lowercase */ cout << static_cast<char>(tolower('I')) << " WHANT " << static_cast<char>(tolower('T')) << "HIS IN LOWERCASE" << endl; return 0; } text/html 2024-02-16T01:05:23+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/ctype.h/tolower?rev=1708041923&do=diff #include <ctype.h> int tolower( int char ); Returns lower case type of the character C Sourcecode Example #include <stdio.h> /* including standard library */ //#include <windows.h> /* uncomment this for Windows */ #include <ctype.h> int main ( void ) { char string[30]; /* write the Chars "i" and "t" lowercase in the buffer "string" */ sprintf(string,"%c WHANT %cHIS IN LOWERCASE",tolower('I'), tolower('T')); printf("%s\n",string); return 0; } text/html 2013-02-27T23:56:30+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/mysql/mysql.h/mysql_errno?rev=1362005790&do=diff unsigned int mysql_errno(MYSQL *mysql) description of mysql_errno returns the error number for the last unsuccessful running function. if the function is successful, it returns 0. in case of an error the error number and the type of error appears text/html 2024-02-16T01:05:25+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/examples/mysql_bruteforce?rev=1708041925&do=diff MySQL Bruteforce written while a boring day more information on <http://code-reference.com> #include <stdio.h> #include <mysql/mysql.h> #include <curses.h> #include <string.h> #include <stdlib.h> // Deutsch oder English #define GER 1 #define ENG 0 /* ************************************************************************************************** * MYSQL Bruteforce Programm aus purer lange Weile geschrieben * 23.03 2010 by cd * * gcc mysql-bruteforce.c -o mysql-bruteforce -lmysqlcli… text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:50+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/stdlib.h/labs?rev=1708041890&do=diff #include <stdlib.h> long int labs(long int x); computes the absolute value of a long integer returns the absolute value of a number the case of a negative number the sign is reversed, a positive number is returned unchanged. labs is functionally equivalent to abs (), but uses the data type long int text/html 2015-05-06T23:08:57+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/graphics.h/writeimagefile?rev=1430946537&do=diff writeimagefile Syntax of writeimagefile #include "graphics.h" void writeimagefile( const char* title=NULL, double width_inches=7, double border_left_inches=0.75, double border_top_inches=0.75, int left=0, int right=0, int right=INT_MAX, int bottom=INT_MAX ); text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:16+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/constants/integerconstants?rev=1708041856&do=diff Integer constants are numbers used directly in a sketch, like 123. By default, these numbers are treated as int's but you can change this with the U and L modifiers (see below). Normally, integer constants are treated as base 10 (decimal) integers, but special notation (formatters) may be used to enter numbers in other bases. text/html 2015-08-08T12:50:39+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/conio.h/cprintf?rev=1439031039&do=diff int cprintf(const char *format[, argument, ...]); description of cprintf prints formatted output to the screen. cprintf takes multiple arguments, applies to each of the format specifier contained in the format string, pointed to by format, and prints the formatted data directly to the current text window on the screen. The number of available format must match the number of arguments. text/html 2024-02-16T01:05:25+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/examples/talk_to_a_modem?rev=1708041925&do=diff Talk to a Modem This is a Simple source how to Access a Modem. it is very simple, just write a Modem Command to your Serial Port in this case a serial Port ttyS0 in Linux C Sourcecode to acces a modem #include <stdio.h> #include <unistd.h> // for sleep /** * argument 1 is the number to dial * for this example you need a modem on Serial Port (in linux) */ int main(int argc,char *argv[]) { FILE *modem; char get[100]; modem=fopen("/dev/ttyS0","rw"); fprintf(modem,"ATZ\r\… text/html 2013-01-18T16:41:39+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/control_structures/case?rev=1358523699&do=diff see switch text/html 2024-02-16T01:05:34+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/wchar.h/fgetws?rev=1708041934&do=diff fgetws #include <wchar.h> wchar_t *fgetws(wchar_t *restrict, int, FILE *stream); Description fgetws reads wide characters into “*restrict” from “stream” fgetws will also stop reading if it encounters a newline character. In which case, the newline character will put into the string as long as the number of characters does not exceed “length - 1”. The function will also stop reading if it reaches the end of the stream. If an error or EOF occurs, the function returns NULL inste… text/html 2013-06-14T16:09:47+02:00 https://code-reference.com/cpp/control_structures?rev=1371218987&do=diff control structures Overview Name Description break break continue continue do do goto goto if if return return while while Switchused for finding the specific case of a set of scenarios automatically generated overview ... Change this page if you have a better description text/html 2014-08-19T02:25:26+02:00 https://code-reference.com/objective-c/examples/uiwebview_using_local_resources?rev=1408407926&do=diff Sometimes you need or want to load a UIWebView displaying content provided with an app. If there is more then one site it might make sense to have an external .css or .js file for all your html content. Whatever, I was facing this problem currently and decided to provide my solution to you. text/html 2013-01-24T20:08:54+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/preprocessor/define?rev=1359054534&do=diff syntax /* define a symbolic constant */ #define identifier replacement list /* define a Macro */ #define identifier (identifier_list) replacement list description The #define directive replaces any additional occurrences of identifier in the source code by the specified list as a replacement string. This replacement affects only terminal symbols (ie independent occurrence of identifier in the source code), but not strings that appear in a comment section of another identifier or part of a … text/html 2024-02-16T01:05:41+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/stdio.h/fprintf?rev=1708041941&do=diff int fprintf(FILE *stream, const char *format, ...); Converts (according to format format) and writes output to stream stream. Number of characters written, or negative value on error, is returned. optional flag: - left adjust + always sign 0 zero pad # Alternate form: for conversion character o, first digit will be zero, for [xX], prefix 0x or 0X to non-zero value, for [eEfgG], always decimal point, for [gG] trailing zeros not removed. optional minimum width: if specified as *… text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:35+02:00 https://code-reference.com/cpp/cctype/toupper?rev=1708041875&do=diff toupper #include <cctype> int toupper( int char ); Returns upper case type of the character cpp Sourcecode Example #include <iostream> /* including standard library */ #include <cctype> using namespace std; int main ( void ) { /* convert the Chars "i" and "t" uppercase */ cout << static_cast<char>(toupper('i')) << " whant " << static_cast<char>(toupper('t')) << "his in uppercase" << endl; return 0; } text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:15+02:00 https://code-reference.com/arduino/bitwise_operators/bitshift?rev=1708041855&do=diff Description From The Bitmath Tutorial in The Playground There are two bit shift operators in C++: the left shift operator << and the right shift operator >>. These operators cause the bits in the left operand to be shifted left or right by the number of positions specified by the right operand.\ More on bitwise math may be found here. text/html 2013-02-03T21:07:29+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/conio.h/cputs?rev=1359922049&do=diff int cputs(const char *str); description of cputs Returns a string to the screen. cputs is the null-terminated string from str in the current text window. The newline character is not here appended to the string. Depending _directvideo of the global variable, the string is written either directly or through a BIOS call to screen memory. To contrast to fprintf and printf, not translated cputs line character (\ n) in the combination of characters carriage return / line feed (\ r \ n). text/html 2013-02-28T01:21:08+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/mysql/mysql.h/mysql_escape_string?rev=1362010868&do=diff unsigned long mysql_escape_string(MYSQL *mysql, char *to, const char *from, unsigned long length) description of mysql_escape_string mysql_escape_string escape a mysql string ” will be escaped ; will not be escaped ! mysql_escape_string is outdated use mysql_real_escape_string instead ! text/html 2024-02-16T01:05:48+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/graphics.h/readimagefile?rev=1708041948&do=diff readimagefile Syntax of readimagefile #include "graphics.h" void readimagefile( const char* title=NULL, int left=0, int right=0, int right=INT_MAX, int bottom=INT_MAX ); Description of readimagefile <code c> The readimagefile function is available in the winbgim implementation of BGI graphics. You do not need to include conio.h; just include graphics.h. The function reads a BMP, GIF, JPG, ICO, EMF or WMF image file and displays it in part of the current active window. The fi… text/html 2024-02-16T01:04:32+02:00 https://code-reference.com/cpp/control_structures/if?rev=1708041872&do=diff if The 'if' statement is one of many methods to control the flow of a program. It tests whether or not a certain condition is true, and then executes code based on the test. #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main(){ if (TRUE){ cout << "This statement will be executed"; } if (FALSE){ cout << "This one will not"; } return 0; } text/html 2024-02-16T01:12:16+02:00 https://code-reference.com/c/compiler/gcc/warnings?rev=1708042336&do=diff warnings.c:3:2: means in line 3 at char 2 need a solution to check if you have some errors in your code use for gcc testcode.c -o testcode -Wall that will display all Warnings warning: control reaches end of non-void function You must add a return value at the end of your sourcecode: