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======unsigned int ======
====Description ====
On the Uno and other ATMEGA based boards, unsigned ints (unsigned integers) are the same as ints in that they store a 2 byte value. Instead of storing nega... 4,294,967,295 (2^32 - 1).
The difference between unsigned ints and (signed) ints, lies in the way the highe... 's complement math.]]
====Example ====
[=unsigned int ledPin = 13;=]
====Syntax ====
[= uns
iki library source code example reference}}
===== unsigned =====
<code c>
unsigned char ch;
unsigned long int l;
unsigned char 0 to 255
unsigned int 0 to 65535
[or 0 to 4294967295 if '-mnoshort' is set]
unsigned short int 0 to 65535
unsigned long int 0 to
======unsigned long ======
====Description ====
Unsigned long variables are extended size variables fo... nd store 32 bits (4 bytes). Unlike standard longs unsigned longs won't store negative numbers, making their ... 5 (2^32 - 1).
====Example ====
<code arduino>
unsigned long time;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
... delay(1000);
}
</code>
====Syntax ====
[=unsigned long var = val;=]
*var - your long variable name
ed char (1 byte) -127 to 128
prog_uchar - an unsigned char (1 byte) 0 to 255
prog_int16_t - a signed... (2 bytes) -32,767 to 32,768
prog_uint16_t - an unsigned int (2 bytes) 0 to 65,535
prog_int32_t - a sig... ,483,648 to * 2,147,483,647.
prog_uint32_t - an unsigned long (4 bytes) 0 to 4,294,967,295
==== Example ... g code fragments illustrate how to read and write unsigned chars (bytes) and ints (2 bytes) to PROGMEM.
<cod
trtoul =====
<code c>
#include <stdlib.h>
unsigned long int strtoul(const char *str, char **endptr, ... base);
</code>
strtoul Converting a string to an unsigned long integer\\
str: the string to be converted\\
... d )
{
char string[] ="20405";
char *endptr;
unsigned long int number;
number = strtoul(string, &end... 10);
printf("string is %s\n",string);
printf("unsigned long int is %li\n", number);
return 0;
}
</cod
t).\\
\\
optional length modifier:\\
h short or unsigned short\\
l long or unsigned long\\
L long double... decimal notation\\
o int argument, printed in unsigned octal notation\\
x,X int argument, printed in unsigned hexadecimal notation\\
u int argument, printed in unsigned decimal notation\\
c int
======Integer Constants ======
Integer constants are numbers used directly in a sketch, like //123//. By default, these numbers are treated as [[arduino:data_types:int|int]]'s but you can change this with the U and L modifiers (see below).
Normally, integer constants are treated as base 10 (decimal) integers, but special notation (formatters) may be used to enter numbers in other bases.
<code arduino>
Base Example Formatter Comment
10 (decimal) 123 none
2 (binary) B1111011 leading 'B' only works with 8 bit values (0 to 255)
characters 0-1 valid
8 (octal) 0173 leading "0" characters 0-7 valid
16 (hexadecimal) 0x7B leading "0x" characters 0-9, A-F, a-f valid
</code>
**Decimal** is base 10. This is the common-sense math with which you are acquainted. Constants without other prefixes are assumed to be in decimal format.
Example:<code arduino>
101 // same as 101 decimal ((1 * 10^2) + (0 * 10^1) + 1)
</code>
\\
**Binary** is base two. Only characters 0 and 1 are valid.
Example:<code arduino>
B101 // same as 5 decimal ((1 * 2^2) + (0 * 2^1) + 1)
</code>
The binary formatter only works on bytes (8 bits) between 0 (B0) and 255 (B11111111). If it is convenient to input an int (16 bits) in binary form you can do it a two-step procedure such as:
<code arduino>
myInt = (B11001100 * 256) + B10101010; // B11001100 is the high byte
</code>
**Octal** is base eight. Only characters 0 through 7 are valid. Octal values are indicated by the prefix "0"
Example:
<code arduino>
0101 // same as 65 decimal ((1 * 8^2) + (0 * 8^1) + 1) </code>
->Warning
->It is possible to generate a hard-to-find bug by (unintentionally) including a leading zero before a constant and having the compiler unintentionally interpret your constant as octal.
\\
**Hexadecimal (or hex)** is base sixteen. Valid characters are 0 through 9 and letters A through F; A has the value 10, B is 11, up to F, which is 15. Hex values are indicated by the prefix "0x". Note that A-F may be syted in upper or lower case (a-f).
Example:
<code arduino>
0x101 // same as 257 decimal ((1 * 16^2) + (0 * 16^1) + 1)
</code>
==== U & L formatters ====
By default, an integer constant is treated as an [[arduino:data_types:int|int]] with the attendant limitations in values. To specify an integer constant with another data type, follow it with:
* a 'u' or 'U' to force the constant into an unsigned data format. Example: //33u//
* a 'l' or 'L' to force the constant into a long data format. Example: //100000L//
* a 'ul' or 'UL' to force the constant into an unsigned long constant. Example: //32767ul//
\\
====See also ====
* [[arduino:constants:Constants]]
* [[arduino:further_syntax:define|#define]]
* [[arduino:data_types:byte|byte]]
* [[arduino:data_types:int|int]]
* [[arduino:data_types:unsignedint| unsigned int]]
* [[arduino:data_types:long|long]]
* [[UnsignedLong | unsigned long]]
Source: arduino.cc
======unsigned char ======
====Description ====
An unsigned data type that occupies 1 byte of memory. ... as the [[arduino:data types:Byte]] datatype.
The unsigned char datatype encodes numbers from 0 to 255.
Fo... pe is to be preferred.
====Example ====
[=unsigned char myChar = 240;=]
====See also ====
*[[ard
mber of milliseconds since the program started (''unsigned long'')
====Example ====
<code arduino>
unsigned long time;
void setup(){
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop(){
Serial.print("Time: ");
time ... ====
Note that the parameter for millis is an unsigned long, errors may be generated if a programmer tri